World vaccine research continues to experience significant developments, especially after the COVID-19 pandemic changed the way society views global health. Various research institutions, pharmaceutical companies and universities are competing to create new vaccines for various diseases. In the midst of this progress, challenges remain lurking in various sectors. One vaccine that is receiving attention is the COVID-19 vaccine. The success of vaccines such as Pfizer-BioNTech and Moderna shows the extraordinary potential of mRNA vaccines. This research is not only useful for fighting COVID-19, but also paves the way for the development of mRNA-based vaccines for other diseases, such as HIV and influenza. Many researchers are now exploring this technique, trying to find solutions for diseases previously considered difficult to vaccinate against. Apart from technological advances, vaccine distribution is also an important issue. Many countries, especially in developing countries, face obstacles in getting access to vaccines. Initiatives such as COVAX are trying to address this gap, but many challenges remain regarding logistics and infrastructure. Ensuring the vaccine is stored at the right temperature, and reaches remote areas, is a crucial problem that must be faced. Apart from the COVID-19 vaccine, research into vaccines for endemic diseases is also receiving attention. For example, a malaria vaccine under development is showing promising results in late-stage clinical trials. The World Health Organization (WHO) considers this vaccine an important breakthrough in efforts to reduce the death rate from malaria, which is still a global health problem in many tropical countries. Vaccine safety challenges must also be considered. Reported cases of side effects, although very rare, can give rise to public distrust of immunization. Education and effective communication are the keys to increasing vaccine acceptance. Further research regarding vaccine safety and potential long-term effects is also needed to provide assurance to the public. Innovations in vaccine research also include nanoparticle technology and adjuvants that can improve immune responses. This technology offers a new way to design more effective and safer vaccines. However, strong basic research is still needed to ensure that technological innovations bring real benefits without additional risks. Regulation also plays an important role in vaccine development. Strict authorization processes can slow the development of new vaccines, although they are important to ensure safety and efficacy. Cooperation between pharmaceutical companies and regulatory agencies in various countries is key to speeding up this process without compromising public safety. Finally, global collaboration is an important component of vaccine research. Sharing data, research and resources between countries can accelerate innovation. The global pandemic has shown that infectious diseases do not respect national borders, so international collaboration in vaccine development and distribution must be a shared priority. With recent developments in vaccine research and existing challenges, the future of immunization looks bright, although it requires collective commitment from all parties.