Turkey’s diplomatic ties with the Middle East have undergone significant transformations over the last two decades, marked by shifts in regional dynamics, internal politics, and evolving foreign policy strategies. One of the pivotal periods of change began in the early 2000s with the rise of the Justice and Development Party (AKP), which emphasized a neo-Ottoman vision of foreign policy, promoting cultural and economic ties throughout the region.
Turkey’s initial outreach featured a robust engagement strategy, characterized by high-level visits and the establishment of strategic partnerships, notably with countries like Qatar and Saudi Arabia. The “zero problems with neighbors” policy, articulated by former Foreign Minister Ahmet Davutoğlu, aimed to resolve historical tensions and foster favorable relations with Middle Eastern neighbors. This approach resulted in increased trade, joint investments, and cultural exchanges, which contributed to Turkey’s growing influence in the region.
However, the onset of the Arab Spring in 2011 triggered substantial challenges for Turkey’s Middle Eastern diplomacy. Initial support for uprisings in Syria and Libya marked a significant ideological pivot, aligning Turkey with Sunni movements and causing a rift with Shia-majority nations like Iran. The Syrian Civil War particularly strained Turkey’s relationship with its neighbors, as it found itself hosting millions of Syrian refugees and opposing the Assad regime, drawing criticism and geopolitical tension.
In recent years, Turkey has recalibrated its diplomatic posture in the Middle East. Faced with growing isolation and economic difficulties, Ankara has sought rapprochement with various Middle Eastern nations. The normalization of relations with the United Arab Emirates (UAE) and Saudi Arabia in 2021 exemplifies this shift, driven by mutual economic interests and regional stability concerns. Both countries aim to bolster economic relations, reduce tensions, and counterbalance Tehran’s influence.
Additionally, Turkey’s relationship with Iran remains complex, as competing interests in Syria and Iraq continue to challenge cooperation. Despite these tensions, economic ties between Turkey and Iran persist, evidenced by substantial trade in sectors like energy and construction. This interplay highlights Turkey’s multifaceted approach, balancing rivalry and collaboration to navigate a turbulent regional landscape.
Moreover, Turkey is re-engaging with Palestine, emphasizing its long-held support for Palestinian statehood. Turkey’s stance in international forums, coupled with humanitarian efforts, reflects its commitment to the Palestinian cause, which resonates with broader public sentiment in the Arab world.
Furthermore, economic imperatives have significantly influenced Turkey’s diplomatic strategy. Trade agreements, energy partnerships, and investment opportunities have become central to Ankara’s diplomatic toolkit. The development of the Southern Gas Corridor and initiatives in renewable energy illustrate Turkey’s vision for energy autonomy and regional connectivity, creating mutual dependencies that promote stability.
Cultural diplomacy is another pillar of Turkey’s approach to the Middle East. Through initiatives like the Yunus Emre Institute, Turkey promotes its language, culture, and heritage, enhancing soft power and fostering goodwill. These cultural links contribute to deeper societal bonds and facilitate dialogue among diverse populations.
In summary, Turkey’s diplomatic evolution in the Middle East reflects a complex interplay of historical ties, emerging challenges, and strategic recalibrations. The balancing act between confrontation and cooperation underscores Turkey’s ambitions and the intricate realities of the Middle Eastern geopolitical landscape. As it navigates an increasingly multipolar world, Turkey’s engagement strategies are likely to continue evolving, responding to both regional aspirations and global trends.