The relationship between North Korea and South Korea is one of the most complex geopolitical issues in the world. Since the end of the Korean War in 1953, the two countries have been politically and ideologically separated. North Korea, led by a communist regime, and South Korea, which adheres to a liberal democratic system, show profound differences in policies and developments. The main cause of this tension is the historical legacy that shapes the national identity of each country. North Korea, under Kim Il-sung, promoted Juche ideology, which emphasized self-reliance and socialism. Meanwhile, South Korea adopted the principles of capitalism, especially after rapid economic growth during the 1960s to 1980s. This ideological clash created two nations that were almost completely separate, both socially and economically. Military issues are also an important topic of discussion in this relationship. North Korea is actively developing a nuclear weapons and ballistic missile program, which is considered a direct threat by South Korea and its allies, including the United States. Pyongyang’s frequent nuclear tests have triggered international sanctions and increased tensions in the region. In response, Seoul strengthened its alliance with Washington and increased its defense capabilities. Inter-Korean diplomacy has had its ups and downs. Some historical moments, such as a summit between the leaders of the two countries in 2018, signal hope for reconciliation. However, many of the resulting agreements tend not to last, often hampered by provocative actions from North Korea or more aggressive foreign policies from the US administration. The socio-cultural aspect is also no less interesting. Even though they are separated, the relationship between the people of North Korea and South Korea still has emotional ties. Families separated by the country’s divisions often miss each other, and several humanitarian initiatives have attempted to bring them together. Inter-Korean programs focusing on cultural and economic exchanges were also pursued, although they were generally hindered by political tensions. Concerns about stability on the Korean Peninsula are also a global concern. The potential for armed conflict will have a broad impact, not only for the two countries, but also for neighboring countries including China and Japan. The international community continues to encourage dialogue to reduce tensions, hoping to achieve lasting peace. Economically, the stark differences between North Korea and South Korea are increasingly prominent. While South Korea has become one of Asia’s strongest economies with advanced technology and rapidly developing industry, North Korea remains trapped in poverty and economic stagnation. South Korea’s more open approach to foreign investment contributes to this difference. The two countries continue to try to establish relations in a more positive framework, although challenges remain. Military tensions, nuclear issues, and ideological differences continue to act as obstacles. Despite this, hope for a more harmonious relationship still exists, and many believe that dialogue and cooperation in various fields can bring about significant change.